Top 10 risks and opportunities for mining and metals companies in 2025

Significant transformation of the sector through innovation, collaboration and agility is critical for reshaping the future with confidence.

In brief

• Capital is the No. 1 risk, with miners balancing growth and capital discipline to satisfy soaring demand for energy transition minerals.
• Miners have elevated environmental stewardship above a broader approach to ESG, with a laser focus on waste, water and nature positive.
• Resource and reserve depletion debuts at No. 4, amid soaring demand, rising exploration costs and a lack of new discoveries.

The energy transition continues to disrupt the mining and metals sector and again permeates the top 10 business risks and opportunities radar. Even those once opposed to mining now realize that a green energy transition depends upon a greater supply of minerals and metals.

But before it can meet surging demand, the sector must first overcome a trifecta of challenges: achieving sustainable mining while managing capital discipline and meeting higher stakeholder expectations. Maximizing value is top of mind for miners, reflected in efforts to reposition portfolios and tap into multiple financing sources to accelerate growth. But a shifting sector also commands miners’ focus on new risks and opportunities. Two additions to the top 10 – resource and reserve depletion, and new projects – highlight rising strategic complexities.

Top 10 risks and opportunities for mining and metals companies in 2025

Analysis: Top 10 risks and opportunities in mining

1.  Capital

Miners continue to face increased scrutiny from investors on how investment is deployed, with a strong focus on capital discipline and returns.

Against this backdrop, companies are accelerating growth and amplifying value through mergers and acquisitions (M&A), spinning off noncore assets or high-growth assets. In a recent EY CEO Outlook Pulse Survey, all mining and metals respondents said they plan to undertake some form of transaction over the next 12 months. Companies surveyed for the top 10 business risks and opportunities report told us they are also expanding their financing options, considering an average of four sources of capital.

With challenging macroeconomic circumstances likely to continue, it’s not surprising that mining companies may want to consider partnerships, joint ventures (JVs) or integration to mitigate risk on large-scale projects. But enabling the investment required to meet demand could call for more fundamental changes to the sector’s approach to financing — thinking beyond yield and investing capital to create long-term value. 

2.  Environmental stewardship

The “E” in environmental, social and governance (ESG) is a key focus for mining companies, with evidence of a significant uplift in efforts to create a positive environmental legacy. Waste and water remain a priority, with our survey showing miners are pursuing innovative projects to capture value.

The push toward nature positive — the goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 — has been led by the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), and almost half of our survey respondents say they are confident of meeting their nature-positive obligations. The knowledge and sustainable land management experience of Indigenous communities make them essential partners in meeting these goals. An estimated quarter of the earth is in the care of Indigenous communities, and these areas are in better environmental shape than others.¹

3.  Geopolitics

Resource nationalism continues to rise, impacting tax rules and ownership rights.

Encouraging the large-scale projects needed to enable the energy transition will depend on governments balancing current national revenue goals with long-term benefits.

Miners may need to consider different approaches to projects in certain geographies. For example, JVs with local companies and licensing can help derisk investment.

4.  Resource and reserve depletion (new entry)

Mining companies must continue to develop better ways to extract and optimize critical minerals and metals to meet soaring demand, while also protecting our environment.

This complicated problem is driven by interwoven factors. Declining ore grades increase the costs of extraction. Exploration budgets are up, but so are costs, and fewer discoveries are being made.

Mining companies are considering a mix of solutions, including investing in technologies that can advance exploration and improve productivity. For example, leaching technology can recover more metals from lower ores than traditional processes. For example, Rio Tinto’s Nuton technology can achieve recovery rates of up to 85%.²

5.  License to operate

Enhancing community impact and Indigenous trust remains high on the agenda of miners and investors. Around the world, communities and governments expect miners to do more to support communities now and leave a positive legacy for the future.

Companies that empower Indigenous communities as partners are creating the foundation for long-term relationships and strengthening the brand. Mine closure is another opportunity to strengthen community relationships and leave a positive legacy but only 5% of our respondents see it as a key issue.

6.  Rising costs and productivity

Miners continue to face high costs, particularly around labor and energy. Workforce expenses are exacerbated by skills shortages, impacting productivity and potentially elevating safety risks, as less qualified people take on roles.

More than a third of respondents agree that the focus on ESG (and pressure to meet growing regulatory obligations) is distracting from productivity. This highlights the benefits of integrating environmental metrics (e.g., carbon intensity) into broader productivity measures, to help mining companies reap wider benefits.

7.  Climate change

Scrutiny around Scope 1 and 2 emissions is growing but so is mining companies’ confidence in hitting reduction targets, a result perhaps partly driven by progress in decarbonizing operations. Mine-site emissions intensity has declined by about 10% since 2020, mostly through the use of renewable energy.³

Net-zero targets are a different story. Many companies are piloting the production of low-carbon metals, but commercializing this technology remains difficult, partly due to costs but also insufficient hydrogen electrolyzer capacity. For example, producing a tonne of steel with hydrogen requires ~300MW of electrolyzer capacity running continuously; however, current global capacity has only just reached 1GW.⁴  Partnering with equipment manufacturers could help accelerate the scaling up of innovative technology that will be critical to cut emissions.

8.  New projects (new entry)

Over the next 30 years, the sector will need to mine more mineral ores than humans have mined over the last 70,000 years.⁵ Filling the demand gap requires overcoming multiple complex barriers to new projects. Regulatory red tape is lengthening project lead times. High costs make new mines more capital intensive, and a lack of skilled workers means timely project delivery is difficult. Additionally, the increasing rate of mining royalties and taxes in some markets can be a barrier to new projects.

Miners are taking diverse approaches to overcoming these hurdles, including connecting with stakeholders during initial project stages to resolve conflicts and expedite approvals. Integration across the supply chain can also streamline activities from exploration to production and enable more accurate demand planning.