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How the largest family enterprises are outstripping global economic growth

EY
EY Global

Ernst & Young Global Ltd.

10 minute read 16 Jan 2023
Related topics
Board governance and oversight

The 2023 EY and University of St.Gallen Family Business Index reveals the largest family enterprises are growing faster than the global economy.

In brief

  • The largest 500 family enterprises generate US$8.02 trillion in revenue – up 10% from 2021.
  • The inflow of new entrants, mainly from Europe (35%), is mostly public (62%). Almost half (47%) are from manufacturing, reflecting recovery in the sector.
  • Women hold only 23% of board seats, indicating more needs to be done to close the gap.

Collectively, the family enterprises that were included in the 2023 EY and University of St.Gallen Family Business Index generated $US8.02 trillion in revenue – a 10% increase on the 2021 Index1. 

According to the International Monetary Fund2, the global economy grew by 6% in 2021, and is forecast to grow by 3.2% in 2022 and 2.7% in 2023. This means family enterprises have been growing at nearly twice the rate of advanced economies and around one and a half times the rate of emerging market and developing economies.

Between them, the 500 companies on the Index employ 24.52 million people, up 1.4% from 2021, and are distributed across 47 different jurisdictions. 

The Index highlights, once again, the huge contribution of the world’s largest 500 family enterprises to the global economy. In fact, their contribution is so significant that if they were a national economy, they would be the third largest among the club of 19 “trillion-dollar economies3” that exist in the world, after the US and China. 

The largest 500 family businesses collectively generate US$8.02 trillion revenues and employ 24.5 million people worldwide.

Where are the largest family enterprises based?

Europe, the Middle East, India and Africa (EMEIA)

Europe has a strong tradition of family enterprises, driven by Germany, the second-largest contributor to the Index in relation to number of companies (78), combined revenues of US$1.13 trillion and number of employees (3.35 million). Germany continues to be the base for nearly a third (31%) of the largest family businesses in EMEIA. 

The average age for German companies in the Index is 109 years old, and Germany is home to the oldest European company in the Index – science and technology company, Merck KGaA. One of the German companies, retailer Schwarz Group, ranks among the top 10 largest family enterprises globally. 

Overall, more than half (50.4%) of the companies in the Index are based in EMEIA. Their combined revenues are US$3.46 trillion – 43.2% of the total value of the Index. Europe alone contributes US$3.05 trillion of this and in doing so, surpasses the US$3 trillion in combined revenues mark for the first time.

India, with the largest population in EMEIA and the second largest in the world, broke into the top 10 largest family enterprises for the first time in this year’s Index. This is thanks to conglomerate, Reliance Industries, which climbed from 12th place to 10th place in the Index. Additionally, India is the fourth largest contributor to the Index in terms of combined revenue of its companies (US$365 billion).

Americas

Given its dominance as the world’s largest economy, it is no surprise that the US contributed nearly one quarter (23.6%) of featured companies and more than one-third (34%) of collectively generated revenue. The US alone contributed 80.2% (US$2.72 trillion) of the combined revenue generated by the Americas on the 2023 Index. Seven out of the 10 biggest family enterprises globally are based in the US. Despite having significantly fewer businesses on the Index than EMEIA, the Americas nearly equalled EMEIA’s revenue contribution to the Index, with a total of US$3.4 trillion.

Asia-Pacific

The number of companies based in Asia-Pacific climbed to 79 in the 2023 Index, up from 74 in 2021 – a 6.8% increase. This figure has been consistently increasing ever since the first edition of the Index in 2015 when 61 companies from the region were listed. Asia-Pacific has not suffered a negative trend during that time.

Additionally, the combined revenue of companies from Asia-Pacific passed the US$1 trillion barrier for the first time this year. The increase in a company’s average revenue, compared with the previous Index, was also greatest in the region. The average Asia-Pacific company has increased its revenue by 15%, or by nearly US$2 billion, since the previous edition of the Index.

Hong Kong continues to account for the highest number of family enterprises (18) in Asia-Pacific, while South Korea continues to account for largest revenue (30%) of the region’s combined revenue of US$1.16 trillion. The largest South Korean enterprise on the Index is SK Group. 

What kinds of businesses make up the 2023 Index?

The Index continues to be dominated by consumer-based family enterprises, which compose around 40% of the 2023 Index in terms of both revenue contribution (39%) and number of businesses (37%). Another sector where family enterprises are strongly represented is advanced manufacturing and mobility (AM&M), which comprises 27% of the Index in terms of revenue. 

Overall, around two-thirds of businesses on the Index (66%) operate in either the Consumer or the Advanced Manufacturing & Mobility (AM&M) sector. This year, the number of AM&M companies in the Index stands at its largest ever, while the number of consumer companies is still slightly below its 2017 peak. The dominance of the consumer sector is mainly driven by its share of the Index in the Americas (47% of companies in the Americas are consumer-based, compared with 19% operating in AM&M). 

In EMEIA and Asia-Pacific, the consumer and AM&M industries are almost equally tied in terms of the number of companies that feature on the Index. In terms of revenues, however, the average AM&M company in Asia-Pacific has US$16 billion in revenues compared with US$11 billion for the average company in the consumer sector. EMEIA has a different trend, with the average consumer company earning US$14.6 billion compared with US$13 billion on average for companies in the AM&M sector.

How is the composition of the Index changing?

Almost half (47%) of new entrants to the 2023 Index come from the EMEIA region, with businesses in the Americas and Asia-Pacific making up 26.5% each. “The Index composition is stable with only 7% of new entrants this year. What is striking is the growing prominence of Asia and the economic power these family firms wield,” says Professor Dr. Thomas Zellweger, Chair in Family Business, University of St.Gallen. 

Notably, new entrants are far more likely to be public rather than private – in fact, 62% of new entrants are publicly listed. They are also more likely to operate in the AM&M sector than any other. In fact, 16 out of the 34 new entrants to the Index (47%) operate in AM&M, reflecting 2021’s recovery4 in global manufacturing following the pandemic. 

Overall, the 2023 Index features slightly more public than private companies, with publicly listed family enterprises totaling 260 of the list. While not significant compared to 2021, where there was an equal split between the number of public and private companies, there has been a slight trend over time toward more public companies (243 in 2017). 

The Index composition is stable with only 7% of new entrants this year. What is striking is the growing prominence of Asia and the economic power these family firms wield.

Professor Dr. Thomas Zellweger

Chair in Family Business, University of St.Gallen

Who are the leaders of these family enterprises? 

 

Successful family enterprises are recognized for being agile, innovative and purposeful. They are also ready to adapt to social and economic change. Nevertheless, like other types of businesses, they are only making limited progress with diversity and inclusion. 

 

In the 2023 Index, just 29 enterprises (5.8% of the total) have a female CEO, a small increase from 2021, when 27 enterprises were led by a woman. Still, when it comes to female executives, they are doing marginally better than the Fortune Global 5005 companies – of which 4.8% were led by women as of August 2022. 

 

Women hold 23% of board seats within the largest 500 family businesses globally (25% in Europe and North America) – a low figure given that that research6 by Moody’s Investors Service found that 29% of corporate board seats at North American and European companies were held by women in 2022.

 

As the Index shows, family members continue to play an active role in leading and managing family enterprises. For nearly half (45%) of the companies on the Index, a family member acts as CEO. Nearly one quarter of all board seats (23%) are held by family members. 

 

Furthermore, 19% of companies have a member of the family’s next generation (someone aged 40 or under) on their board. Younger board members are likely to bring expertise and knowledge in technology and emerging consumer trends. The average age of a family board member in the 2023 Index is 62 years old, up from 60 in 2021. 

 

What does the enduring legacy of family enterprises look like?

 

Japan’s Takenaka Corporation is the oldest family enterprise on the Index, having been in business for 412 years. Yet a number of other companies on the Index also date back a century or more. Overall, 31% of enterprises are over a century old. Europe is home to the majority (57%) of these, with 25% based in Germany.

Conclusion 

Over three-quarters (76%) of family enterprises on the 2023 Index are more than 50 years old. Many of these businesses have weathered market volatility over several generations, underlining the extent to which family enterprises are able to maintain both their success – and their succession – over time. The stability that accompanies this longevity will prove invaluable for enabling family enterprises to effectively navigate the anticipated slowdown in global growth in 2023. 


Family Business Index 2023

Visit the University of St.Gallen’s website to view the ranking of the world’s largest 500 family businesses. 

Visit now

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    Summary

    When it comes to growth, the largest family enterprises lead the way, outstripping the global economy’s growth performance. 

    Family-owned businesses have thrived in Europe and in the US, both reaching milestone revenue levels this year. Asia-Pacific continues to climb, increasing its global footprint, from 61 companies in 2015 to 79 in 2023.

    Stronger performance in advanced manufacturing and mobility worldwide saw more family enterprises from this sector entering the Index as well.

    About this article

    EY
    EY Global
    Ernst & Young Global Ltd.
    Related topics
    Board governance and oversight

    EY refers to the global organization, and may refer to one or more, of the member firms of Ernst & Young Global Limited, each of which is a separate legal entity. Ernst & Young Global Limited, a UK company limited by guarantee, does not provide services to clients.